Guest Columnist Arthur I. Cyr: Remembering a Christmas that settled the fate of the world
Christmas includes the anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge, the largest land battle fought by the United States. This was hell on earth.
On December 16, 1944, Nazi Germany launched an enormous offensive through the quiet, thinly defended Ardennes Forest in Belgium. Adolf Hitler and planners in Berlin achieved total surprise. German forces rapidly gained ground.
For Europeans among the Allies, the attack was reminiscent of the stunning 1940 German drive that overran France and secured Nazi domination of Europe. Among Dwight D. Eisenhower's associates at Supreme Allied Headquarters, fear was visible with alarm.
The tide of the battle did not clearly turn until General George S. Patton's Third Army broke through to the 101st Airborne Division, surrounded by the Wehrmacht in Bastogne, Belgium, the day after Christmas.
Brutal fighting continued through January. However, with the relief of Bastogne the Nazi vision of the future of Europe - and the world - failed.
Other battles in U.S. history were more costly or complicated. During the Civil War, Gettysburg and other engagements resulted in a higher percentage of casualties among combatants.
During the Second World War, such enormous amphibious invasions as Normandy, Iwo Jima and Leyte Gulf in the Philippines were inherently more complex in logistical terms than the Bulge. In the European theatre, the scale of the war on the eastern front was much greater than in the west.
Nonetheless, in American history the Battle of the Bulge remains our biggest single land engagement. Approximately a quarter of a million United States troops were pitted against a comparable number of German forces.
Basic lessons of the Bulge include personnel and matériel, and leadership. Eisenhower's skills include getting difficult personalities to work together, constant attention to logistics, and organizational genius. Both sides suffered enormous losses, in men and supplies. The Allies could replace them; the Germans at that point could not.
Controversial Patton undeniably was a brilliant combat leader. At Kasserine Pass in Tunisia in early 1943, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps decimated poorly led American troops. Eisenhower put Patton in command. A month later, these same troops defeated the Rommel's troops at El Guettar.
Patton immediately, accurately evaluated the Ardennes offensive, and acted fast.
During the Bulge, African-American soldiers were offered combat service, previously denied, but only if they sacrificed earned military seniority. Thousands volunteered, and were vital to Allied victory.
At the tactical level, Corporal Henry F. Warner near Dom Butgenbach, Belgium knocked out two German tanks, and then his 57-mm. anti-tank gun jammed. He was firing a pistol at a third approaching tank, when the German driver backed up and withdrew.
One of Warner's shots had killed the commander, and the crew was unable to proceed, a common reaction of German troops. American, British and other Allied soldiers were much more likely to improvise and continue fighting after officers went down.
Warner, killed later in combat, received the Medal of Honor.
When the Nazi Reich surrendered, Eisenhower commented the war was over but not won. True victory meant Germany embraced stable democracy.
Admirable and effective German Chancellor Angela Merkel was TIME Magazine's 2015 "Person of the Year." The Allies have won the war, by Eisenhower's demanding standard of success.
Honor contemporary Germany, which is economically strong, firmly democratic and committed to European peace.
Honor the men who faced, fought and won this battle.
• Arthur I. Cyr, acyr@carthage.edu, of Northbrook, is a former vice president of the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, and teaches political science at Carthage College in Kenosha. He is author of "After the Cold War."