Europe takes step toward more stable banks
FRANKFURT, Germany — The European Union has taken its big first step toward keeping busted banks from costing taxpayers billions and dragging down government finances.
After another marathon meeting, finance ministers from the 27 EU member countries agreed Thursday to give the European Central Bank the power to act as a banking watchdog for the 17 EU countries that use the euro — and for those non-euro countries that want to join.
The ECB-based supervisor could take away a bank’s license, investigate institutions, and financially sanction banks that don’t follow the rules.
As long as the EU Parliament approves the decision, the supervisor could be up and running by March and would slowly ramp up its responsibilities until fully operational a year later.
A single, central, supervisor is considered essential to helping Europe protect itself from future banking crises. It will be quicker to intervene once banks start getting into trouble than the current system of 27 national regulators, sometimes overly protective of home banks.
It also opens the way to let Europe’s $653.85 billion emergency bailout fund, the European Stability Mechanism, lend money directly to struggling banks rather than through their governments.
This move is key to helping Europe out of its current financial crisis and breaking the link between banks and government debt. When a bank gets into financial trouble, it can only ask for a bailout from its national government. Since banks are essential to keep an economy running, the temptation is for governments to bail them out. Yet that can wreck government finances.
The bank-government doom loop has been a major factor worsening the finances of countries like Spain, Greece, Ireland and Cyprus. Guaranteeing bank losses put Irish state finances under water and forced it to seek bailout loans from the other eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund. Spain has needed eurozone loans to bail out banks wrecked by real estate loans that aren’t being repaid. Bailing out Greek banks was a key part of the country’s two bailouts totaling 240 billion euros.
Analysts welcomed Thursday’s decision on a single supervisor as a step in the right direction. But what’s needed next, they say, is a full “banking union” — a single rule book as well as coordinated plans for helping lenders in trouble. The banking union would include a resolution authority that could carry out a recapitalization or restructuring of a busted bank as well as Europe-wide deposit insurance.
Thursday’s decision “is a first step on a long road toward banking union. It’s not banking union,” said Nicolas Veron, senior fellow at the Breugel think tank in Brussels and a visiting fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, DC.
“It enables Europeans to open the next chapter.”
The agreement reached in the small hours of Thursday was the result of a series of compromises. The original plan drawn up in the summer was to have the supervisor directly responsible for all the eurozone’s 6,000 banks. This was objected to by Germany, which has a large number of small savings banks often with close ties to local politicians.
Under Thursday’s deal, the ECB will now supervise banks with more than $39.23 billion in assets, or which have assets worth more than 20 percent of annual economic output in a given country.
That’s a flaw, said Veron. “It makes the system less robust,” he said, calling it a necessary political compromise. “It was the price to pay to move forward. I think the glass is more than half full.”
Veron said the new measure will probably capture about 70-80 percent of the eurozone banking system by assets, including all of Europe’s big banks such as France’s BNP Paribas, Germany’s Deutsche Bank and Italy’s UniCredit. It will also probably cover many larger regional banks such as Germany’s local state banks and the trouble-prone Spanish savings banks.
The ECB can on paper intervene in any bank, but would leave the day-to-day supervision of smaller ones to local authorities, raising questions about how effective supervision would be.
Ahead lies hard bargaining over a resolution authority. Leaders have also debated the exact conditions for banks getting money directly from the European bailout fund — in essence, having taxpayers all over Europe finance the cleanup of individual countries’ financial disasters. As things stand, Spain and Ireland are still stuck with the debts they ran up bailing out banks. Some countries argue the ESM could be tapped only after national treasuries, leaving the bank-government link at least partly still in place.
Eurasia Group analyst Mujtaba Rahman said the new supervisor by itself won’t sever the link between governments and banks because “member states are still on the hook” for bailouts. Yet, the step is “absolutely an improvement compared to the starting point. None of this infrastructure existed before.”
“It doesn’t help with this crisis. It helps with the next one.”