Why 2015 will be the year of India's next technology revolution
The multibillion-dollar valuations of India's new tech stars, Flipkart and Snapdeal, are no pricing bubble, but a signal that the country's technology boom has begun. The next five years will see a flurry of technology innovation that will transform India as much as cellphones have over the past 15 years. This will be enabled by the availability of low-cost smartphones, the digital identity that India's Aadhar project has provided to hundreds of millions of people who lacked any documentation, and a host of exponential technology advances. A billion Indians will be joining the global economy during this decade.
There is a lot for Indian entrepreneurs to learn from Silicon Valley. But the bigger opportunities are for them to leapfrog it by solving the problems of the many rather than of the few. The same infrastructure lacuna that enabled India to create Aadhaar - lack of all technological legacy to have to worry about - offers it an opportunity to implement changes unarguably for the public good and to show the world how to create an entirely new digital infrastructure in the following areas:
Electronic commerce
Flipkart and Snapdeal have largely focused on consumer products for the well-to-do. The real market opportunity is to address the needs of the people who will soon be coming online. New marketplaces need to be built for artisans in villages so they can design and create custom crafts for customers worldwide; apps are needed by which fruit sellers, sweet shops and restaurants can showcase their products and take orders from neighborhood customers; local merchants need the tools with which to provide the same types of one-hour delivery services that Amazon and Google are launching in American cities.
Sharing economy
Uber showed Indian entrepreneurs that app-based ride-sharing was practical even in India's chaotic cities. But Uber, too, targeted elite, high-end customers. The bigger opportunities will be to share rides in three-wheelers, bicycle rickshaws and buses. Technology can also facilitate hiring of workers in the informal economy - laborers, technicians, maids and painters - through automation. Also needed are apps for tractor-sharing on farms, jhuggi rentals, bike sharing and seed swaps.
Health apps and devices
Inexpensive sensors can be connected to smartphones and tablets to result in medical devices that are as accurate as those that western hospitals use. That is what Kanav Kohol did with the Swastaya Slate, a health device with 33 sensors, to monitor blood pressure, blood sugar, heart rate, blood hemoglobin, urine protein and to detect diseases such as HIV, syphilis, dengue and malaria. Using this $800 device and the A.I.-based apps that come with it, health workers in Jammu and Kashmir are providing lifesaving medical care to a population of 2.5 million people. Telemedicine can also connect people in remote villages to medical experts.
There are endless possibilities for entrepreneurs to transform India's health care system to provide medical care to billions of people in need, in India and abroad.
App-based automation of public services
Whether it be for booking railway tickets and monitoring train arrival times or for analyzing government productivity and efficiency data, virtually every aspect of government services could be improved through measurement, monitoring and automation. Entrepreneurs can take a key role in modernizing governance by using technology and data to stem corruption.
Smart cities: Small, inexpensive, Internet-connected sensors, monitoring things such as traffic patterns, air quality, noise, radiation levels and water quality, can be used to manage pollution and waste, parking, traffic congestion, security and almost every other aspect of a city's functioning. Entrepreneurs can start building smart neighborhoods and then smart cities.
Education
No matter how hard the government tries, it will not fix India's public schools in time to educate the more than 100 million children in towns and villages with substandard educational facilities. The only solution for them rests in using technology.
The XPRIZE Foundation has launched a $15 million global competition to develop software that will enable children to teach themselves basic reading, writing and arithmetic. Already, there are tens of thousands of apps that can teach subjects such as history, geography, music, math and science. These need customization for regions and local languages, and adaptive learning platforms in order to tailor education to the needs of the student.
Agriculture
At a minimum, Internet-connected smartphones can be used to educate farmers on how to improve crop yields and minimize chemical usage. Social media can connect them with each other so that they can share experiences, and sensors can help monitor soil humidity and optimize watering. Supply chains can be improved, and on-farm diagnostic technologies can increase efficiency.
• Wadhwa is a fellow at Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University, director of Research at Duke University, and distinguished scholar at Singularity and Emory universities. This article, for The Washington Post's Innovations site, reflects his opinion.