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When destitute small towns mean dangerous tap water

KEYSTONE, W.Va. (AP) - Donna Dickerson's heart would sink every time she'd wake up, turn on the faucet in her mobile home and hear the pipes gurgling.

Sometimes it would happen on a day when her mother, who is 86 and has dementia, had a doctor's appointment and needed to bathe. Sometimes it would be on Thanksgiving or Christmas when family had come to stay.

'œIt was sickening, literally a headache and it disrupted everything,'ť she said. 'œOut of nowhere, the water would be gone, and we'd have no idea when it'd be back.'ť

While failures of big city water systems attract the attention, it's small communities like Keystone, West Virginia, that more often are left unprotected by destitute and unmaintained water providers. Small providers rack up roughly twice as many health violations as big cities on average, an analysis of thousands of records over the last three years by The Associated Press shows. In that time, small water providers violated the Safe Drinking Water Act's health standards nearly 9,000 times. They were also frequently the worst performers. Federal law allows authorities to force changes on water utilities, but they rarely do, even for the worst offenders.

'œWe're talking about things that we've known in drinking water for a century, that we have an expectation in this country that everybody should be afforded,'ť said Chad Seidel, president of a water consulting company.

The worst water providers can have such severe problems that residents are told they can't drink the water. For ten solid years Dickerson and 175 neighbors in the tiny, majority Black community had to boil all their water. That length of time is nearly unheard of - such warnings usually last only for days.

The Safe Drinking Water Act was signed into law in 1974 and initially protected Americans against 22 contaminants, including arsenic. Nearly half a century later, evolving science has broadened the coverage to more than 90 substances, and strengthened standards.

The miracle is that most water systems keep up '“ 94% of them comply with health standards.

After years of problems, Keystone finally got hooked up to a new water system last December, McDowell Public Service District, which focuses on upgrading systems in coal communities. Deteriorating water mains were replaced. A nonproft called DigDeep helped pay to connect homes to the new infrastructure.

When a water utility doesn't treat water properly or has high levels of a contaminant, states are supposed to enforce the law. They usually give communities time to fix problems, and often they do. If there is intransigence or delay, a state authority can escalate action and impose fines. Yet in many towns, that doesn't go well; there is no money to pay the fines. Some places struggle year after year.

The EPA stresses the vast majority of systems do provide safe water. For those having trouble, the agency has increased technical assistance, inspections and enforcement. Those efforts have decreased the number of systems consistently committing health violations, according to Carol King, an attorney in the EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.

The top concern of the water industry itself is funding for infrastructure, according to a survey.

Recruitment of professionals to run small water systems is one main issue. The largely white, male workforce is aging.

Earlier in his career, Tim Wilson, a water manager, spent time running the treatment plant in Wahpeton, Iowa, a community of just over 400 that expands when vacationers rush in during the summertime.

Small, rural communities have a 'œridiculously hard'ť time recruiting certified operators, he said. Once they are trained, they can be lured away by better pay and benefits elsewhere.

The job demands can be heavy: in Wahpeton, Wilson not only ran the treatment plant, he plowed snow and testified as a zoning expert at local government meetings.

People in Ferriday, Louisiana had to get their water from the National Guard for four months back in 1999. The town's water treatment plant, which had struggled to keep the water from turning brown, had completely failed. Those four months left a mark.

'œI haven't drunk the water since,'ť said Jameel Green, 42, who has lived in Ferriday most of his life. He now makes sure his two girls, ages 16 and 8, don't drink the water either.

A new water treatment plant was supposed to fix Ferriday's issues. But staff at the new plant struggled to find the right mix of chemicals, according to Rev. James Smith Sr., who was brought in to help with the issue. The state fined the town $455,265. No payment has been made. Smith said the water has improved significantly with increased testing and pilot studies.

Without a lot more money and more aggressive intervention in the worst places, experts say many Americans will continue to endure an expensive search for drinkable water, or else they'll drink water that is potentially unsafe.

'œIn my view, this is a desperate problem,'ť said Manny Teodoro, a professor at the University of Wisconsin who focuses on public policy and water.

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Phillis reported from Ferriday, Louisiana, and St. Louis. Fassett reported from Seattle.

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The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP's environmental coverage, visit https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment

Donna Dickerson drinks a cup of tap water on the porch of her trailer in Keystone, W.Va., on June 22, 2022. For about a decade before being hooked up to a new water system late last year, residents of Keystone like Dickerson were told to boil water before drinking it for a decade because of the community's aging infrastructure. (AP Photo/Leah Willingham) The Associated Press
Deborah Elaine-Jones, tax clerk for the Town of Ferriday, talks with water plant operator Mike Gandy inside the newer water plant facility in Ferriday, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. In many places, people struggle to find water or else drink water that isn't clean. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Toney Lewis shows a bottle of tap water he saved, before his neighborhood was recently switched to the current Ferriday, La. water system, in Ridgecrest, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. In many places, people struggle to find water or else drink water that isn't clean. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Calbrial Smith, center, holds her son Torosiay Smith, Jr., 9 months, outside her home with family and friends, as she talks about what she believes are the effect of the drinking water on her children's health, in Ferriday, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. In many places, people struggle to find water or else drink water that isn't clean. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Kenyetta Hunt visits a spring along Route 52 in McDowell County, W.Va., where he and his family have collected water for decades because they don't trust the water provided by local utilities in their homes on June 7, 2022. Hunt said he visits the spring at least once a week to fill five gallon jugs of water to use for drinking and cooking. (AP Photo/Leah Willingham) The Associated Press
The Rev. James Edward Smith, Sr., who is a consultant to help improve the water system in Ferriday, La., speaks at the town water plant in Ferriday, Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. Smith said the water is now significantly improved. It's tested regularly and plant operators are working on new treatment methods. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Aged infrastructure is seen in the recently retired water treatment plant in Ferriday, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. In many places, people struggle to find water or else drink water that isn't clean. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Plant operator Mike Gandy flushes sand out of a filter as part of the newer water plant equipment in Ferriday, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. The water is now tested regularly and plant operators are working on new treatment methods. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Plant operator Mike Gandy flushes sand out of a filter as part of the newer water plant equipment in Ferriday, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. The water is now tested regularly and plant operators are working on new treatment methods. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Water plant operator Mike Gandy takes a water sample of the Ferriday water system from a neighborhood in neighboring Ridgecrest, La., which is now in the Ferriday system, Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. The water is now tested regularly and plant operators are working on new treatment methods. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Jameel Green speaks to The Associated Press about the drinking water in Ferriday, La., on Wednesday, Sept. 14, 2022. He said he will not drink the water and tells his kids not to drink the water, too. (AP Photo/Michael Phillis) The Associated Press
Deborah Elaine-Jones, tax clerk for the town of Ferriday, talks on her phone inside the older, now retired water plant facility in Ferriday, La., Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. The water is now tested regularly and plant operators are working on new treatment methods. In many places, people struggle to find water or else drink water that isn't clean. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
Water plant operator Mike Gandy takes a water sample of the Ferriday water system from neighboring Ridgecrest, La., which is now in the Ferriday system, Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2022. The water is now tested regularly and plant operators are working on new treatment methods. In many places, people struggle to find water or else drink water that isn't clean. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) The Associated Press
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